Gastrointestinal Perforation

Also known as: perforated bowel, perforated intestine, perforated stomach, perforated esophagus

What is gastrointestinal perforation?

If a hole forms in one of the organs of the digestive system, such as the stomach, esophagus or intestines, this is known as a gastrointestinal perforation. The cause can range from a medical condition to an injury.

What might cause gastrointestinal perforation?

Gastrointestinal perforation may be the result of an injury or trauma to the internal organs. It may also be related to one of the following medical conditions:

• Cancer
• Crohn's disease
• Diverticulitis
• Gallbladder disease
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Bowel blockage
• Appendicitis
• Forceful vomiting
• Ulcerative colitis
• Surgery complications
• Chemotherapy
• Connective tissue disease
• Cardiovascular disease

How can it be treated?

Gastrointestinal perforation requires immediate medical attention. Contact your doctor right away if you notice any of the symptoms discussed below.

When should you seek medical attention?

If you have persistent abdominal pain, bloody stools, fever, nausea, trouble breathing, vomiting or changes in your bowel movements, call your health care provider.

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Reviewed by: Shifra Koyfman, MD

This page was last updated on: September 16, 2025 12:51 PM